Roper v. Simmons (2004)
it is unconstitutional to impose the death penalty for a crime committed by a child under the age of 18, stating that it is "cruel and unusual punishment" prohibited by the Eighth Amendment.
Graham v. Florida and Sullivan v. Florida (2010)
life without the possibility of parole sentences for juveniles convicted of nonhomicide offenses are unconstitutional.
J.D.B v. North Carolina (2010)
ruled that a child's age must be considered by law enforcement in determining whether Miranda warnings need to be given to children during police interrogations.
Miller v. Alabama (2012)
ruled that "mandatory life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth Amendment's prohibition on 'cruel and unusual punishments' and that a 'judge or jury must have the opportunity to consider mitigating circumstances before imposing the harshest possible penalty for juveniles.'"
Montgomery v. Louisiana (2016)
Under consideration in this case was whether Miller v. Alabama applied retroactively to individuals serving mandatory juvenile life without parole sentences. In a 6-3 decision, the United States Supreme Court ruled that their decision in Miller v. Alabama applied retroactively.
McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
The Court held that juveniles in juvenile criminal proceedings were not entitled to a jury trial by the Sixth or Fourteenth Amendments.
In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1, (1967)
A landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the Primary holding was that the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment applies to juvenile defendants as well as to adult defendants.
Juvenile Justice by 
Juvenile Crime by 
Incarcerated Youth by 
Private vs. Public Operation of Juvenile Correctional Facilities by 
Juvenile Justice System
In the Juvenile Justice System class students will gain a basic understanding of the following topics:
An Overview of Juvenile Justice in the United States
The History of Juvenile Justice and Origins of the Juvenile Court
Theories of Delinquency and Intervention Programs
The Legal Rights of Juveniles
Juveniles and the Police
Intake and Preadjudicatory Processing
Prosecutorial Decision Making in Juvenile Justice
Classification and Preliminary Treatment: Waivers and Other
Alternatives
The Adjudicatory Process: Dispositional Alternatives
Nominal Sanctions: Warnings, Diversion, and Alternative Dispute
Resolution
Juvenile Probation and Community-Based Corrections
Juvenile Corrections: Custodial Sanctions and Aftercare
The Juvenile Justice Process.
Intake
Judicial waiver to adult criminal court
Delinquency finding/adjudication
Disposition
Diversion (at multiple points in the process)
Probation
Residential placement: including confinement in a secure correctional facility
The U.S. is one of the very few countries in the world that allows children under eighteen to be prosecuted as adults and sentenced to life without parole. In Colorado, between 1992 and 2005, 45 juveniles between fifteen and eighteen were sentenced to prison without the hope of ever being released. Last spring, the state's legislature eased its tough laws targeting juvenile offenders.
Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice
a nonprofit nonpartisan organization promoting a balanced and humane criminal justice system through the provision of direct services, technical assistance, and policy analysis.
National Juvenile Defense Center
The National Juvenile Defender Center (NJDC) provides national leadership on juvenile indigent defense and due process deprivations that young people face in the delinquency system by providing training, technical assistance, policy development, community-building, leadership opportunities, legislative advocacy, litigation support, and research
