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Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy is the study of Human body structures that can bee seen with the naked eye and how body parts are organized.

Physiology is the study of the functions and activities performed by the body's structures.

Cells

Cells are the basic units of all living things from bacteria to plants to animals including humans

Structure of a cell

Cells are composed of a substance known as protoplasm which is a colorless jellylike substance.

Nucleus: the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell it plays a role in reproduction and metobolism.

Cytoplasm: the waterly fluid that surrounds the nucleus and is needed for growth, reproduction, and self repair.

Reproduction and divsion of a cell

Mitosis: the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells.

Phases of mitosis:

Tissues

Tissue is a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.

Types of tissues:

• Connective tissues: fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports various parts of the body.  
  • Ex: adipose tissue: a tecnical term for fat
• Epithelial tissue: a protective covering on body surfaces such as skin
• Muscle tissue: contracts and moves various parts of the body
• Nerve Tissue: carries messages to and from the brain and controls and cordinates a bodily functions

Human Body Systems

Organs: structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals.

Skeletal system: forms the physical foundation of the body and is composed of 206 bones. the primary function of this body system is to give shape and support to the human body, protect internal structures and organs, produces movement and attachments for muscles, produces white and red blood cells, and provides calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium to the body.

Muscular system: covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton and its function is to produce movement within the body.

Nervous system: Most important system in the human body because it controls and coordinates the functions of all the other body systems and makes them work together and efficiently. The nervous system consist of the brain, spinal cord, and the nerves. There are two subdivisions of the nervous system which are the central nervous system, and the peripheral Nervous system.

Circulatory system: controls teh steady circulation of blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels. it consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries that distribute the blood throughout the body.

Lymphatic / Immune System: made up of the lymph, lymph nodes, the thymus gland, the spleen, and lymph vessels. Its function is to carry waste and impurities away from the cells and protect the body from disease.

Integumentary System: consists of the skin, and its accessory organs such as oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails. Protective covering of the body and helps regulate body temperature.

Endocrine System: a group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual functions, and health of the entire body.

Reproductive system: includes ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina in females and testes, prostate gland, penis, and urethra in males. Its function is to produce offspring and passing on genetic code from one generation to the next.

The Epidermis

The outermost and thinnest layer of the skin and made up of five layers.

Layers of the Epidermis

1. stratum corneum: outer layer of the epidermis
2. stratum lucidum: the clear transparent layer under the stratum corneum
3. stratum granulosum: layer of the epidermis that is composed of cells that look like granules and are filled with keratin.
4. stratum spinosum: the spiny layer just above the stratum germinativum. process of skin shedding begins.
5. stratum germinativum: also known as the basal cell layer; the deepest layer of the epidermis. produces new skin cells and is responsible for growth.

The Dermis

The underlying or inner layer of the skin. Also known as derma, corium, cutis, or true skin. The dermis is comprised of two layers.

Layers of the Dermis

1. Papillary Layer: layer of the dermis, directly underneath the epidermis. This layer contains (endings of) capillaries, lymph vessels and sensory neurons. It has a loose network of connective tissue, this characteristic separates it from the reticular layer underneath
2. Reticular layer: The lower, reticular layer, is thicker and made of thick collagen fibers that are arranged in parallel to the surface of the skin. The reticular layer is denser than the papillary dermis, and it strengthens the skin, providing structure and elasticity.

The Subcutaneous Tissue

Also known as the adipose tissue, its the Fatty tissue found just below the dermis