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How to Write an Academic Research Paper

A step-by-step guide to the research and writing process.

What is the MLA Style?

The MLA citation style is a set of rules created by the Modern Language Association.  Generally, this style is used by the liberal arts and the humanities.

MLA Style Manual

The Core Elements

Citations in the 8th edition of the MLA style are all made up of 9 elements, called core elements. These are elements common to most citations. By using the core elements, any item can be cited, regardless of format.  Please play close attention to the punctuation after each element.

When an element is unavailable, it is simply skipped.

A crucial concept for the new MLA style is the concept of containers. A container is the larger work that includes the source. A chapter is contained in a book; an article is contained in a periodical; an episode of a sitcom is contained in the series, etc.  There are other changes in the 8th edition; to learn about them, click here.

To learn more about what is new, check out the MLA Style Center, and for more information on formatting, see the MLA's Works Cited quick guide.  To see sample papers in MLA style, go here.

MLA Handout